Which of the following accurately states the byproducts of glycolysis?

Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose to produce energy in the form of ATP. During this anaerobic process, glucose (a six-carbon sugar) is converted into two molecules of pyruvate, a three-carbon compound. The process also yields a net gain of ATP and produces lactic acid when no oxygen is present, particularly during intense exercise when the energy demand exceeds the oxygen supply.

The two main byproducts of glycolysis are pyruvate and lactic acid. When oxygen is limited or absent, pyruvate is converted into lactic acid, which can accumulate in muscles during strenuous activities. This biochemical pathway is crucial for providing energy quickly, especially during high-intensity exercise. The production of lactic acid is important for allowing for continued ATP production, albeit less efficiently than aerobic pathways.

The other options do not accurately reflect the byproducts of glycolysis. Carbon dioxide and water are byproducts of the aerobic metabolism that occurs following glycolysis if oxygen is available, but they are not produced in the glycolytic pathway itself. Glucose and glycogen are not byproducts; rather, glucose is the starting material for glycolysis, and glycogen is the stored form of glucose in the body. Adenosine triphos