Which substrates can produce energy via aerobic metabolism within the mitochondrion?

The correct answer identifies fats, proteins, and glucose as substrates that can produce energy via aerobic metabolism within the mitochondrion.

In aerobic metabolism, the mitochondria utilize these substrates effectively to generate ATP, which is the primary energy currency of the cell. Glucose undergoes glycolysis before entering the mitochondrial matrix, where it is further metabolized in the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) and oxidative phosphorylation. This process is highly efficient in generating ATP with the presence of oxygen.

Fats, primarily in the form of fatty acids, undergo beta-oxidation within the mitochondria. The resulting acetyl-CoA enters the citric acid cycle, similarly leading to ATP production via oxidative phosphorylation.

Proteins can also serve as an energy source, particularly during prolonged fasting or intense exercise when carbohydrates and lipids are in short supply. Specific amino acids can be converted into intermediates that enter the metabolic pathways in the mitochondria, contributing to ATP production.

In contrast, nucleic acids, water, sugars (beyond glucose), gases, and minerals either do not serve as energy substrates or do not participate directly in aerobic metabolism processes. For instance, while nucleic acids are vital for genetic functions, they are not utilized for energy production